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How Does VENDYS Work?
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Higher Serum Leptin Levels Are Associated with Impaired Vascular Reactivity in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Biomedicines. 2026 Jul 23;14(8):1654. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines14081654. I-Min Su, Shih-Yuan Ye, Jer-Chuan Li, Du-An Wu, Bang-Gee Hsu Abstract Background/Objectives: Endothelial dysfunction represents an early stage of vascular injury in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and contributes to increased cardiovascular risk. Leptin, a hormone involved in metabolic and inflammatory regulation, has been implicated in vascular dysfunction. However, its association with digital thermal


Sex comparisons across different indices of vascular health in recreationally active healthy adults
Eur J Appl Physiol. 2026 Jul 3. doi: 10.1007/s00421-026-06335-1. Rian Q Landers-Ramos, Olivia C Zakrewski Abstract Introduction: The presence of sex differences in various vascular assessments in younger to middle-aged adults is inconsistent in the literature. Purpose: Determine whether sex differences are present across four different indices of vascular health. Methods: Healthy, recreationally active premenopausal females (N = 30) and similarly aged males (N = 30) aged 18-


Association between NT-pro-BNP levels and endothelial dysfunction assessed by digital thermal monitoring in patients with coronary artery disease
Front Cardiovasc Med. 2026 Jun 12:13:1828504. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2026.1828504.eCollection 2026. Ji-Hung Wang, I-Min Su, Bang-Gee Hsu Abstract Objective: Endothelial dysfunction is a key mechanism in the progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), a biomarker of myocardial wall stress, has been associated with vascular abnormalities beyond overt heart failure. However, its relationship with endothelial function, as asses


Serum Galectin-3 Levels Correlate with Reduced Vascular Reactivity in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Medicina (Kaunas). 2026 May 24;62(6):1018. doi: 10.3390/medicina62061018. Po-Yu Huang, Min-Han Hsieh, Ji-Hung Wang, Jen-Pi Tsai, Bang-Gee Hsu Abstract Background and Objectives: Endothelial dysfunction is essential in the development and progression of coronary artery disease (CAD) and its complications. Galectin-3 mediates inflammation and organ fibrosis and promotes endothelial dysfunction. Meanwhile, the vascular reactivity index (VRI) reflects endothelial function. The p


Elevated p-Cresyl Sulfate Levels Are Associated with Impaired Endothelial Function in Patients Undergoing Long-Term Peritoneal Dialysis
Life (Basel) . 2026 May 8;16(5):787. doi: 10.3390/life16050787. I-Min Su, Bang-Gee Hsu, Chin-Hung Liu , Ho-Hsiang Chang, Ming-Chun Chen Abstract p-Cresyl sulfate (PCS) is associated with endothelial injury and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, its association with endothelial function in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) remains unclear. In this cross-sectional study, 82 patients receiving PD were enrolled. Serum PCS concentrations were quantified using high-perfo


Serum adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein is associated with impaired endothelial function in nondialysis chronic kidney disease
Tzu Chi Med J 2026 Jan 12;38(2):203-209. doi: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_173_25. eCollection 2026 Apr-Jun. Teoh Ling Lun, Yu-Li Lin, Chih-Hsien Wang, Yu-Hsien Lai, Chiu-Huang Kuo, Chi-Chong Tang, Bang-Gee Hsu Abstract Objectives: Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP) has been implicated in atherosclerosis, and endothelial dysfunction is a critical contributor to cardiovascular outcomes in chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study evaluated links between serum A-FABP and endot


Endothelial function: a novel marker to evaluate the prognosis of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2026 Apr 1;330(4):H1065-H1072. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00706.2025.Epub 2026 Jan 17. Salma Charfeddine, Mohamed Ali Hbaieb, Niez Laribi, Mariem Jabeur, Amine Bahloul, Marwa Jarraya, Hassen Gargouri, Aiman Ghrab, Zied Triki, Tarek Ellouze, Faten Triki, Rania Gargouri, Leila Abid Abstract Endothelial function, a key determinant of prognosis in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), is still frequently under-assessed in clinical prac


Digital thermal monitoring of reactive hyperemia: potential mechanisms and clinical relevance among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2026 Apr 1;330(4):H1235-H1238. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00980.2025.Epub 2025 Dec 31. Molly K Courish , Myles W O'Brien INTRODUCTION Chronic heart failure involves functional and structural impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood from the ventricles, with ∼50% of cases being heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) (1). Systemic vascular dysfunction has been identified as a key factor in the pathogenesis and progression


Racial disparity in microvascular function among non‐Hispanic white and non‐Hispanic black men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer
Abstract Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality in men with prostate cancer (PC), with non‐Hispanic Black (NHB) men experiencing disproportionately higher CVD‐related mortality compared to non‐Hispanic White (NHW) men. Vascular endothelial dysfunction precedes overt CVD; however, the mechanisms underlying racial disparities in CVD among men with PC remain unclear. This study tested the hypothesis that NHB men with PC would exhibit impaired vascular healt


Hyperleptinemia Is a Risk Factor for the Development of Vascular Reactivity Impairment in Patients with Hypertension
I-Min Su , Li-Liang Chuang , Ji-Hung Wang , Bang-Gee Hsu Medicina (Kaunas).2025 Nov 28;61(12):2132. Abstract Background and Objectives : Endothelial dysfunction represents an early indicator of cardiovascular disease in individuals with hypertension. Leptin, an adipokine that regulates vascular homeostasis and metabolism, has been linked to vascular impairment; however, its relationship with vascular reactivity in hypertensive patients remains unclear. Materials and Met


Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level Is Positively Associated with Vascular Reactivity Index in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Bang-Gee Hsu, Yi-Cheng Wang, Du-An Wu, Ming-Chun Chen Abstract Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) significantly influences endothelial function. This study assessed the correlation between serum 25(OH)D and endothelial function using the vascular reactivity index (VRI) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Fasting blood samples from 102 T2DM participants and VRI were assessed. Patients were divided into three categories based on VRI: low (VRI < 1.0), interm
![Lipoprotein(a) levels predict endothelial dysfunction in maintenance hemodialysis patients: evidence from [VENDYS] vascular reactivity index assessment](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/dac531_5285607cc591409a9d83746f042af7c6~mv2.png/v1/fill/w_333,h_250,fp_0.50_0.50,q_35,blur_30,enc_avif,quality_auto/dac531_5285607cc591409a9d83746f042af7c6~mv2.webp)
![Lipoprotein(a) levels predict endothelial dysfunction in maintenance hemodialysis patients: evidence from [VENDYS] vascular reactivity index assessment](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/dac531_5285607cc591409a9d83746f042af7c6~mv2.png/v1/fill/w_326,h_245,fp_0.50_0.50,q_95,enc_avif,quality_auto/dac531_5285607cc591409a9d83746f042af7c6~mv2.webp)
Lipoprotein(a) levels predict endothelial dysfunction in maintenance hemodialysis patients: evidence from [VENDYS] vascular reactivity index assessment
Ren Fail.2025 Dec;47(1):2581940. Wen-Lin Lo , Bang-Gee Hsu , Chih-Hsien Wang , Yu-Lin Lin , Chiu-Huang Kuo , Yu-Hsien Lai Abstract Background: Patients with maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) present endothelial dysfunction (ED), which is characterized by impaired vasodilation and a pro-inflammatory state. Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) has pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic properties. No study has investigated the association between serum Lp(a) and ED in patients with MHD. T


Elevated Serum Trimethylamine N-Oxide Predicts Impaired Vascular Reactivity in Patients with Hypertension
Diagnostics (Basel). 2025 Sep 20;15(18):2400. I-Min Su , Ji-Hung Wang , Chin-Hung Liu , Bang-Gee Hsu Abstract Background/Objectives : Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbiota-derived metabolite influenced by diet, has been linked to cardiovascular disease. Endothelial dysfunction, an early sign of vascular damage, is common in hypertension. This study examined the relationship between serum TMAO levels and endothelial function, assessed by the vascular reactivity


Relationship Between Serum Myostatin and Endothelial Function in Non-Dialysis Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Diseases .2024 Dec 13;12(12):328. Ho-Hsiang Chang , Chih-Hsien Wang , Yu-Li Lin , Chiu-Huang Kuo , Hung-Hsiang Liou , Bang-Gee Hsu...


Increased serum galectin-3 level is associated with endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension
Heliyon .2024 Dec 10;11(1):e41111. Hui-Sheng Wang , Bang-Gee Hsu , Ji-Hung Wang , Chiu-Fen Yang Abstract Background: Endothelial...


Retinal and peripheral vascular function in healthy individuals with low cardiovascular risk
Abstract Objective: To assess retinal and peripheral microvascular function in individuals with low cardiovascular risk. Methods and...


The Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Microvascular Structure and Function, Peripheral Pressure Waveform and General Cardiovascular Risk: A Longitudinal Study
Abstract Purpose: This study aims to assess the effect of bariatric surgery on retinal microvascular calibre, peripheral microvascular...


Serum N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Level is Negatively Associated with Vascular Reactivity Index by Digital Thermal Monitoring in Patients with Hypertension
Rev Cardiovasc Med .2024 Jun 14;25(6):214 Abstract Background: B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) coordinates endothelial homeostasis and...


The Association between Serum Adiponectin Levels and Endothelial Function in Non-Dialysis-Dependent
Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Biomedicines.2023 Aug 2;11(8):2174. Abstract Adiponectin is the richest human circulating adipokine with...


European Society of Cardiology/European Society of Hypertension versus the American College...
European Society of Cardiology/European Society of Hypertension versus the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association...
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